New Harappan or Sindhu Saraswati Heritage Cities in the Hindon-Yamuna Doab

Abstract

This paper examines the cultural and chronological continuity between the Vedic tradition and the Sindhu-Saraswati (Harappan) Civilization using recent archaeological discoveries and ancient textual references. The Rigveda, the oldest Indian text, refers to Sapt-Sindhu and Saraswati but not the Indus River by name. Historical sources such as the inscriptions of Darius I and accounts from Alexander’s campaign refer to the region as Hidu or Idu Pradesh, suggesting continuity of cultural identity.

Archaeological excavations at sites like Mehrgarh, Lakhanjo-Daro, Bhirrana, Rakhigarhi, and Tappal reveal pre-Early and Early Harappan phases (4500–2800 BCE), aligned with the oral traditions of the Rigveda and Yajurveda. The compilation of Vedic texts likely began around 2300–1800 BCE using early writing systems such as Proto-Brahmi and the Harappan script. These evolved into Kharosthi and Khohi scripts in later periods. The Mature Sindhu-Saraswati Civilization (3000–2000 BCE) spanned over 2.6 million square kilometers, encompassing regions from Afghanistan to Maharashtra and including key settlements in western Uttar Pradesh. Sites like Tappal and Sanauli reveal urban planning, ritual activity, and metallurgical practices that align with Vedic traditions. Genetic research by scholars such as Dr. Lalji Singh supports the indigenous development of Aryan and Dravidian populations, challenging the Aryan migration theory. This study proposes that the Harappan Civilization represents a material manifestation of Vedic culture rather than a distinct or foreign entity. A re-evaluation of the chronology and character of the Vedic tradition is necessary to reflect these findings.