A Survey of the Major Industries in the Sangam Age

Abstract

The Sangam Age witnessed several flourishing industries spread across the Tamil region. Textiles, metalworking, shipbuilding shell, and gemstone crafts were major manufacturing activities practiced by ancient Tamils. Besides, there existed various ancillary industries such as salt making, carpentry, construction works, etc. which sustained trade and urban development in early Tamilakam. Geographical features of the land characterized by unevenly distributed resources played a key role in generating the need for the exchange of commodities between different physiographic zones. This further led to the extension of trade networks to different parts of the subcontinent and other countries. The products including pearls from the Gulf of Mannar; textiles from Madurai and Uraiyur; high-quality steel and gems from Kodumanal; metal artifacts and beads from various centers were valuable items of trade as these commanded high demands in distant lands. The industrial activities paved the way for diversification of crafts and economic growth subsequently leading to urbanization in early Tamil Nadu.